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Distinguishing tests
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Polymerizarion
Chemistry in Everyday Life
Distinguishing tests
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Alcohols
and Phenol
|
|||||
S.No
|
Test
|
CH3CH2OH
Primary alcohol
|
 |
 |
 |
1.
|
Lucas test
Zn/conc HCl
|
No turbidity at room temperature
|
Turbidity after 5 minutes
|
Immediate turbidity
|
No characteristic
reaction
|
2.
|
Iodoform test
I2/NaOH
|
Yellow ppt of Iodoform (CHI3)
|
Yellow ppt of Iodoform (CHI3)
|
No reaction
|
No characteristic
reaction
|
3.
|
Victor Meyer’s Test
PI3/AgNO2/
HONO/NaOH
|
Blood red colouration
|
Blue colouration
|
No colouration
|
No characteristic
reaction
|
4.
|
Neutral FeCl3
|
No characteristic
reaction
|
No characteristic
reaction
|
No characteristic
reaction
|
Violet Colouration
|
5.
|
Bromine water
|
No characteristic
reaction
|
No characteristic
reaction
|
No characteristic
reaction
|
White ppt
|
Aldehydes and Ketones
|
|||||
S.No
|
Reagent
|
HCHO
|
CH3CHO
|
CH3COCH3
|
C6H5CHO
|
1.
|
Tollen’s reagent
AgNO3/NH4OH
|
Silver mirror
|
Silver mirror
|
No characteristic
reaction
|
Silver mirror
|
2.
|
Felhing’s solution
Alkaline CuSO4/Na-K tartarate
|
Red ppt of Cu2O
|
Red ppt of Cu2O
|
No characteristic
reaction
|
No characteristic
reaction
|
3.
|
Iodoform test
I2/NaOH
|
No characteristic
reaction
|
Yellow ppt of Iodoform (CHI3)
|
Yellow ppt of Iodoform (CHI3)
|
No characteristic
reaction
|
Carboxylic acids and phenol
|
|||||
S.No
|
Reagent
|
HCOOH
|
CH3COOH
|
C6H5COOH
|
|
1.
|
Tollen’s reagent
AgNO3/NH4OH
|
Silver mirror
|
No characteristic
reaction
|
No characteristic
reaction
|
No characteristic
reaction
|
2.
|
Neutral FeCl3
|
No characteristic
reaction
|
Wine red colouration
|
Buff ppt
|
Violet Colouration
|
3.
|
NaHCO3 Solution
|
Brisk effervescences
|
Brisk effervescences
|
Brisk effervescences
|
|
Amines
|
|||||
S.No
|
Reagent
|
RNH2
Primary Amine
|
(R)2NH
Secondary amine
|
(R)3N
Tertiary amine
|
 |
1
|
Carbylamine test
CHCl3 + alc. KOH
|
Abnoxious smell of isocyanides
|
No characteristic
reaction
|
No characteristic
reaction
|
No characteristic
reaction
|
2
|
Azo dye test
NaNO2/HCl/phenol
|
Dye formed is unstable and not isolated
|
No characteristic
reaction
|
No characteristic
reaction
|
Orange red dye is formed
|
3
|
HNO2 test
|
Evolution of nitrogen gas which is colourless and odourless
|
Yellow oily liquid formed due to formation of N-nitroso dialkylamine
|
A water soluble salt formed
|
Smell of phenol
|
4
|
Hinsberg test
Benzene sulphonyl chloride
|
Compound formed is insoluble in KOH and insoluble in HCl
|
Compound formed is insoluble in KOH and soluble in HCl
|
Compound formed is soluble in KOH and insoluble in HCl
|
|
5.
|
Br2 water
|
No characteristic
reaction
|
No characteristic
reaction
|
No characteristic
reaction
|
White ppt of Tribromoaniline is formed
|
Carbohydrates
|
|||||
S.No
|
Test/reagent
|
Glucose
|
Fructose
|
Sucrose
|
Starch
|
1.
|
Br2 water
|
Bromine water is decolourised
|
Bromine water is not
decolourised
|
Bromine water is not
decolourised
|
Bromine water is not
decolourised
|
2.
|
Tollen’s reagent
|
Silver mirror is formed
|
Silver mirror is formed
|
No characteristic
reaction
|
No characteristic
reaction
|
3.
|
Felhing’s solution
|
Red ppt of Cu2O formed
|
Red ppt of Cu2O formed
|
No characteristic
reaction
|
No characteristic
reaction
|
4.
|
KI paper
|
No characteristic
reaction
|
No characteristic
reaction
|
No characteristic
reaction
|
KI paper turns blue black
|
Distinguishing Tests (Examples)
|
(1) CH3CHO and HCHO
Iodoform test :-
When treated with Iodine in alkaline medium, acetaldehyde
gives yellow ppt of Iodoform, however formaldehyde does not show this test.
 |
(2)
CH3COCH3 and CH3CHO:-
Tollen’s test:-
When treated with ammoniacal silver nitrate, acetaldehyde
forms a silver mirror on the walls of the test tube, acetone does not show
this test.
CH3CHO + Ag2O →
CH3COOH + 2Ag (silver mirror)
|
(3)
HCHO and C6H5CHO :-
Felhing’s test:-
When treated with Felhing’s solution, formaldehyde gives a
brick red ppt, benzaldehyde does not show this test.
HCHO + 2CuO → HCOOH + Cu2O
(red ppt)
|
(4) Formic acid and Acetic
acid
(a)
FeCl3
test:-
When treated with neutral ferric
chloride solution, Acetic acid gives a wine red coloration, while formic acid
does not show this test.
3CH3COOH
+ FeCl3 à (CH3COO)3Fe
+ 3HCl (wine red solution)
(b)
Tollen,s
test:-
When treated with ammoniacal
silver nitrate, formic acid forms a silver mirror on the walls of the test
tube, acetic acid does not show this test.
HCOOH + Ag2O → H2O
+ CO2 + 2Ag
|
(5)
Oxalic
acid and Acetic acid
(a)
FeCl3
test:-
When treated with neutral ferric
chloride solution, Acetic acid gives a wine red coloration, while Oxalic acid
does not show this test.
3CH3COOH
+ FeCl3 à (CH3COO)3Fe
+ 3HCl (wine red solution)
(b) When warmed with acidified
KMnO4 , Oxalic acid decolorises the solution. Acetic acid doesnot show this test.
(COOH)2
+ [O] → 2CO2 + H2O
|
(6)
Acetic acid and Benzoic acid
FeCl3 test:-
When treated with neutral ferric
chloride solution, Acetic acid gives a wine red coloration, while Benzoic
acid gives a buff ppt.
3C6H5COOH +
FeCl3 à (C6H5COO)3Fe
+ 3HCl (buff ppt)
|
(7)
Urea and Oxalic acid
Biuret test:-
When
Urea is first heated and then treated with alkaline solution of CuSO4,
a violet coloured solution is obtained. Oxalic acid does not show this
test.
|
(8)
1-Propanol
and 2-Propanol
Iodoform test :-
When treated with Iodine in alkaline
medium, 2-Propanol gives yellow ppt of Iodoform, however 1-Propanol does not
show this test.
CH3CH(OH)CH3 + 4I2
+ 6NaOH → CHI3 + CH3COONa + 5NaI +5H2O
|
(9)
Ethyl
amine and Aniline
Bromine water Test:-
When treated with bromine
water , Aniline forms a white ppt of Tribromoaniline. Ethylamine does not
show this test.
 |
(10)
Ethyl amine and diethylamine
Carbylamine test:-
When treated with
chloroform and alcoholic KOH, ethylamine forms an isocyanide which has an
abnoxious smell. Diethylamine does not show this test.
 |
(11)
Glucose
and Fructose
Bromine water test:-
Glucose decolourises
bromine water. Fructose does not show this test.
 |
(12)
Ethanol
and Tertiary butyl alcohol
Lucas Test:-
 |
(13)
Phenol
and Ethanol
Nitration:-
When subjected to
Nitration with Conc H2SO4 and Conc HNO3,
phenol forms a yellow crystalline ppt of Picric acid. Ethanol does not show
this test.
 |
(14)
Formaldehyde
and Formic acid
When treated with NaHCO3,
formic acid gives brisk effervescences due to the evolution of carbon
dioxide, which turns lime water milky. Formaldehyde does not show this test.
HCOOH + NaHCO3 → HCOONa + H2O
+ CO2
|
Polymerizarion
Polymer
|
Monomer
|
Classification
|
|
1.
|
Polythene
|
CH2=CH2
|
Synthetic,
addition polymer
|
2.
|
Polypropene
|
CH3-CH=CH2
|
Synthetic,
addition polymer
|
3.
|
PVC
|
CH2=CHCl
|
Synthetic,
addition polymer, thermoplastic
|
4.
|
Teflon
PTFE
|
CF2=CF2
|
Synthetic,
addition polymer
|
5.
|
Polystyrene
|
C6H5CH=CH2
|
Synthetic,
addition polymer
|
6.
|
Natural
rubber
|
Natural,
addition polymer
|
|
7.
|
Polyester
Terylene
Dacron
|
CH2OH-CH2OH
|
Synthetic
condensation copolymer
|
8.
|
Nylon 6,6
Polyamide
|
HOOC(CH2)4COOH
NH2(CH2)6NH2
|
Synthetic
condensation copolymer
|
9.
|
Nylon 6
Polyamide
|
Caprolactum
(HOOC(CH2)5NH2
|
Synthetic
condensation homopolymer
|
10
|
Bakelite
|
HCHO
C6H5OH
|
Synthetic
condensation copolymer
|
11
|
Proteins
|
Aminoacids
|
Natural
condensation polymer
|
12
|
Starch
|
α- D
glucose
|
Natural
condensation polymer
|
13
|
Cellulose
|
Β – D
glucose
|
Natural
condensation polymer
|
14
|
Nucleic
acids
|
Nucleotides
|
Natural condensation
polymer
|
15.
|
PHBV
Polyester
|
3-
Hydroxybutanoic acid
3-Hydroxypentanoic
acid
|
Synthetic
condensation copolymer
Biodegradable
|
16
|
Nylon 2,6
Polyamide
|
Glycine
Aminohexanoic
acid
|
Synthetic
condensation copolymer
Biodegradable
|
Chemistry in Everyday Life
1.
Analgesics
|
Drugs
which relieve pain
|
Aspirin
|
2.
Narcotics
|
Drugs
with analgesic properties but habit forming
|
Morphine,
heroin, codeine
|
3.
Antipyretic
|
Drugs
which lower the body temperature
|
Phenacitin,
Paracetamol
|
4.
Antiseptic
|
Chemicals,
which prevent the growth of micro-organisms. They can be applied on wounds
and cuts.
|
Gentian
Violet,Chloroxylenol ( Dettol)
|
5.Disinfectant
|
Chemicals
which kill the micro-organisms but they cannot be applied on living tissues.
|
Phenol,
Bleaching powder
|
6.
Tranquilizer
|
Reduce
anxiety and induce sleep.Also used to cure mental illness.
|
Barbaturic
acid and derivatives, Luminal, Veronal, Equanil
|
7.
Antibiotics
|
Chemicals
produced by micro-organisms and which inhibit the growth of other
micro-organisms.
|
Penicillin,
Streptomycin, Chloramphenicol
|
8.
Sulpha Drugs
|
Artificially
synthesized drugs with strong antibacterial power.
|
Sulphanilamide,
Sulphadiazine
|
9.
Antimalarial
|
Drugs,
which cure malaria caused by Plasmodium protozoa, spread by the bite of
female anopheles mosquito.
|
Chloroquin,
Pamaquin (Alkaloids)
|
10.Anaesthetic
|
Chemicals,
which cause local or general insensibility to pain.
|
Chloroform,
Ether
|
11.
Antacids
|
Relieve
stomach acidity
|
NaHCO3,
MgCO3
|
12.
Antihistamines
|
Chemicals,
which suppress the activity of the histamine and prevent allergic reaction
|
Benadyrl, Brompheniramine
|
13. Antifertility
Drugs
|
Prevent pregnancy in women by controlling menstrual cycle and
ovulation.
|
Norethindrone & Mestranol
|
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